Vygotskys Educational Theory Essay Example for Free

Vygotskys Educational Theory Essay Vygotsky is an important theorist in the twentieth century in education. He has come up with the theory discussing the zone of proximal development and its application to the education of person with special needs. This theory has been put into practice in coming up with strategies for persons with intellectual challenges. But this however does not come up with full support as some of the propositions in his theories have been criticized. In his theories he considers the zone of proximal development to possess upper and lower limits where children are categorized in the limits. The first misconception that can be deduced from his theory is that assessment of a child’s zones provides a biased incomplete picture (Robert, 28). Hence an accurate picture of the child’s learning style, development level, and learning ability cannot be obtained through comparison to children of similar ages or degrees of motivation. Thus the zone’s width depending on its causes could be undesirable or desirable. Measurement is another hindrance observed in the theory. This is because, there exists no metric scale to configure a child’s individual zone. This is because Vygotsky at times measured the zone in terms of chronological age in relation to mental age. This has drawback in that comparison cannot be done by the number of years. For instance a 9 year old behaving like a 12 year old has a 3 year age difference. This cannot be applied in a case of children with ages 5 and 8 as the difference is similarly 3 years (Kozulin, 40). The zone meets another obstacle since little is known on the stability and generality of an individual’s zone. The domain of one child’s zone is not equal across different children (Daniels, Harry, and Mariane, 80). This is due to the fact that behavior differences do occur in children of similar ages. Thus a zone is not stable and neither can it be generalized. The theory pays little attention to issues of development across different ages. It gives little idea how a child’s level of cognition would constrain or permit processes in the zone. It also ignores the effect different settings have on children and ignores cognitive skills needed to respond to varying stimuli. The theory overlooks the fact that varying developmental levels lead to varying responses to a setting (Kozulin, 67). Finally Vygotsky’s theory lacks tasks  prototypical to be associated with the theory as he relies on general summaries. Considering the aforementioned weaknesses, many theorists and educationist borrow little from his theory in its application to special education. This is coupled with the fact that persons with special needs occur in a large diversity. Hence the theory would call for individualization of strategies adopted for special needs learners. Works cited Daniels, Harry, and Mariane Hedegaard. Vygotsky and special needs education: rethinking support for children and schools. London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2011. Print. Kozulin, Alex. Vygotskys educational theory in cultural context. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print. Robert, Michelle Suzanne. Vygotsky theories meaningful relationships. Burnaby B.C.: Simon Fraser University, 2005. Print.

High Blood Pressure :: Health, Cardiovascular Disease

High blood pressure is considered one of the highest causes of morbidity, one of the main leading causes for cardiovascular disease, and social global burden health risk factor. In addition to the high cost burden to the global health service providers. (referances) Data from World health organization2002, estimated that high blood pressure was the cause of death for more than 7 million individuals every year , affecting almost one billion of world population and responsible for 11% of all diseases burden in industrial countries.( WHO,2003) (BHFSD,2010).in industrial countries high blood pressure estimated to be the case of death for more than 20% of men and almost 24% of women (WHO.2002b) Kearney et al (2005) reported that in 2000, 972 million individuals were hypertensive which account for 26.4% of world population, of which 333 million in developed countries and 639 million in developing countries. It was affected 26.6% of men and 26.1% of women of general population. This study predicts this number to soar by about 60% in 2025 to reach a total of 1.56 billion. This elevation expected to be 9% and 13% in both men and women respectively. They found the highest prevalence rate of high blood pressure in women was in former socialist economies region while for men was in Latin American and Caribbean region and the lowest prevalence was in â€Å"other Asian and islands† region for both men and women. Elevated blood pressure contributes to (62%) of cardiovascular diseases, for example it attributes to 54% of stroke cases and 47% ischemic heart disease globally ( (Lawes et al., 2008 eup fix), it also responsible for 50% of heart failure burden in world. Furthermore the INTERHEART study estimated that having a hypertension was the reason for 25% of heart attack cases in both central and Eastern Europe while it represents the same reason for 22 % of Western Europe. Individuals who have an elevated blood pressure are suspect to have heart attack twice more than normotensive. (Yusuf et al., 2004 or British heart stast) In terms of disability –adjusted life-years, high blood pressure is come as a third cause after underweight and unsafe sex by affecting around 64 million. (Ezzati et al, 2002) .High blood pressure was estimated to be attributable to causing 9.3 % of disability in high income countries and 5.6% of disability in middle and low income countries.

PA module

You will notice that the self-test and demonstration case solutions provided in this module and other modules attempt to cover all possible solutions and to provide an example of an â€Å"exceeds† solution. They may, therefore, be longer than would be required in an examination situation. You may wish to use the Competency Area Checklist to help you sort through the case data. Once you have determined which competency areas are relevant, consider the specific issues that need to be addressed. At times, the course materials use generic dates rather than real dates.When you come across instances of generic dates, consider the date to correspond with standards that are currently In effect. Overview In keeping with your role as an accountant, your ability to communicate effectively is a professional quality and skill that you are expected to demonstrate in all of your assignments, whether for study or for work. You will also be expected to demonstrate several communication compete ncies on the PAP examination. The module provides practical suggestions for enhancing your writing skills and opportunities for self- assessing your writing ability.This module introduces the case analysis process. It gives you to a step-by-step framework for approaching case questions and provides tips on how to avoid common errors in responding to case questions. The framework is designed to enhance your case analysis skills as you practice with self-test cases and prepare your responses to assignment cases. You learn about different forms of analysis, both quantitative and qualitative, and review strategies for generating alternatives and selecting decision criteria. The evaluation of alternatives and final recommendation

Ptlls Learning Journal Day One

The main points I have learnt from this session are: †¢Looking at ice breakers as a way of learners becoming more relaxed with each other and also as a way of beginning to interact with each other, ensuring that the topics are relevant to the learners and that they are not too controversial or likely to cause offence etc., they also encourage team work and inclusion †¢They are also a way of establishing trust within a group and reducing nervousness (apprehension) †¢We looked at training cycles and the various aspects such as identifying needs, planning and designing, delivering or facilitating, assessing and evaluating How could I develop my practical skills as a result of this session? †¢Be more conscious of the reactions of others and giving them an opportunity to express their opinions rather than doing all of the talking and making assumptions about what people are thinking †¢Planning and designing work or tasks that need to be carried out †¢Everyone has a different personal construct system and being aware of the skills and personal experience of others in terms of its impact on how they relate to others †¢Being aware of total communication from others i.e. verbal and non verbal communication as well as body language, look at mirroring people’s body language or having a more relaxed way of communicating information if relevant How could I develop my knowledge and understanding as a result of this session? †¢I could carry out further study on personal construct systems †¢Look at how transactional analysis impacts people †¢Look at various learning styles and when using them is most appropriate †¢Being aware of the checks and balances that are in place to see if learners are actually assimilating information, could be in the form of short quizzes at various stages in the course †¢Also receiving feedback could be feedback on course, feedback on lecturer, feedback on topic, feedback on venue (depending on if own venue or if hired venue).

Putting the New World onto Stage in Royal Tylers The Contra essays

Putting the New World onto Stage in Royal Tyler's The Contra essays World onto stage in Royall Tylers The Contrast The Contrast was written in 1787 when America had recently defeated the British in the Revolutionary war, short after the Declaration of Independence. The setting of the play is New York and its upper-class society. At this early state of Americas existence as an independent nation, Tyler wrote the first truly American play, putting an analysis of American behaviour on stage. Considering this context, I m going to examine how Postrevolutionary America, with its image of the New World, is presented in the play. The meaning of the characters has to be taken into account. The meaning of The Contrast could be interpreted in different ways. On the one hand, the play exposes the conflicts and dangers of America after the Revolution, on the other hand, it presents virtues considered to be typical American in contrast to the vices of the Old World. The possible interpretation of the play as negative picture of Postrevolutionary America is based on the implied conflicts between opposing attitudes and the danger of instability. Tyler conveys the opposing attitudes of patriotism and admiration of foreign sophistication. Colonel Manly and his servant Jonathan are proud to be American and love their country. Manly, who states I love my country (p. 79, l. 18), is proud to have served his country in the Revolutionary War and the putting down of Sheys Rebellion. He still wears his regimental coat in proud remembrance of the fighting for his country in the War of Revolution. Jonathan represents the American Yankee who is also proud of his origin and does not care about foreign sophistication. The sophisticated behaviour of Dimple, his servant Jessamy, Charlotte and Letitia stands in contrast to Manly and Jonathan. These characters obviously admire the traits of British upper-cla...

Nursing as Discipline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Nursing as Discipline - Essay Example The United States is fairly regarded as the pioneer in nursing profession and science – the creation of the Associate Degree nursing programs in the U.S. marked a new stage in the evolution of nursing as discipline (Northrup et al 2004). Today, nursing is well-recognized as a discipline and profession (Tzeng & Yin 2007). University education is the basic prerequisite for preparing professional nurses, who are able to make wise professional judgments, pursue continuous education, and use their knowledge to expand the boundaries of the nursing profession. So, what is nursing discipline? A discipline is usually defined as â€Å"a community of interest that is organized around the accumulated knowledge of an academic or professional group† (Monti & Tingen 1999, p.64). The discipline of nursing is complex, and it describes and explores the complexity of the human caring paradigms and successfully balances the art and science of nursing (Monti & Tingen 1999). Within the nursi ng discipline, art helps to answer questions related directly to the profession, whereas science is expected to add to the body of academic knowledge related to human caring (Monti & Tingen 1999). The metaparadigm is a unique aspect of the nursing discipline, which describes concepts and themes that are directly related to the nursing profession and different nursing from other professions and disciplines (Monti & Tingen 1999). The metaparadigm also promotes, reflects, and describes â€Å"the shared beliefs and values of the nursing discipline† (Monti & Tingen 1999). These may include but are not limited to caring and respect, autonomy and beneficence, health promotion and ethical conduct (Monti &... This paper approves that the postmodern research paradigm can provide successful explanations and recommendations to the multiple realities in nursing. Postmodernism helps to revalue patient and nurses’ experiences and insights. Postmodernism allows demystifying the existing nursing practice discourse and rejects the established universals, opening new research and scientific frontiers. This report makes a conclusion that the past decades were marked with the emergence of new, complex research paradigms that â€Å"contribute to the development of nursing as an academic discipline and knowledge†. In the nursing discipline, knowing manifests in three different forms: personal reflection, technical understanding, and a cognitive process. Simply stated, knowing in nursing is a unique combination of objective, scientific and personal features. Given that knowing in nursing is all about personal transformation, reflection, and experience, no single research paradigm can help to develop a sound system of academic and practical knowledge in nursing. Personal reflection is unique; and so is nursing knowledge. Simultaneously, science and discipline is always objectives and unbiased. This gap between experience and science is not easy to close, but nursing is a discipline of multiple perspectives. Reductionism and CST, feminism and postmodernism are just some of many research paradigms that can contribute to nursing knowledge.

Explore a career area, which you are interested in pursuing and Research Paper

Explore a career area, which you are interested in pursuing and the area on the internet via search engines - Research Paper Example I would like to study business administration to eventually become a manager. Studying business administration is a four year commitment at the undergraduate level and two extra years at the graduate level to earn an MBA degree. Students that want to reach the managerial level should study an MBA in order to increase their chances of reaching the managerial ranks. The best thing about studying business administration is that it opens up the doors towards doing many things in the world. A person that graduates from business administration can work either in the private or public industries. There are plenty of governmental jobs available for business administration graduates. In the United States there are hundreds of thousands of business establishments. These establishments whether they are small, medium, or large size needs a person or persons to manage the business. Another alternative that business administration graduates have is to become an entrepreneur and establish your own business. A person that chooses to study business administration has a good economic future ahead for themselves. The average salary for a manager in the United States is $63,000 a year (Indeed). It takes a lot of commitment and sacrifice to work as a manager. In the managerial field 10 to 12 hour work days are typical of the profession. Managers are exempt employees that get paid on salary basis, thus overtime pay based on hourly rates does not apply. Managers are offered excellent compensation packages that include perks such as bonuses, stock options, car allowance, dental plan, and medical plan among others. Managers working in multinational corporations often travel to other locations. The managerial field is an exciting career that offers workers to opportunity to work in different business industries. When a person is studying in college they must take advantage of the opportunity to expand their horizons. Participating